My paper, ‘beyond institutional autonomy: a quadrumvirate interaction theory of civil-military relations’ was accepted for presentation at the 2019 Biennial International Conference of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society scheduled for November 8-10, 2019 at the Hyatt Regency, Reston, Virginia. However, I am unable to attend the conference because I was denied visa at the US Embassy in Abuja, Nigeria. In this entry, I wish to highlight and add my voice to the concerns academics and non-academics, especially those from the ‘Global South’ face in securing visas to enable them attend conferences in the supposed ‘developed world.’ Hence, this entry is a personal reflection on the US visa regime in Nigeria, and its nexus with criminology.
Individual visas are often issued based on the merit of an application and the adequacy of the supporting documents submitted by applicants who are also required to pay certain fees and charges for the application. The issuing authorities would normally consider the criminal background record of an applicant, their previous travel history and the adequacy of funds to cover for the cost of the trip. In some cases, as typical with the US visa regime in Nigeria, applicants are required to present themselves before a consular officer for a visa interview and the decision to issue a visa is at the discretion of the consular officer.
Given this, one would expect that the consular officer would in the least, view/review the supporting documents of an applicant, in addition to asking some pertinent questions. The rationale being that the US visa web-application platform does not provide a link/option for submitting the supporting system prior to the interview. However, this was not the case when I was denied a visa. In fact, the interview barely lasted two minutes, and the following was the ‘interview’ conversation I had with the male consular officer:
Why do you want to go to Reston Virginia? To attend a conference.
What do you intend to do in the conference? I will be presenting a paper, a theory from my PhD research.
Who would pay for the conference and travel fee? The conference organisers and (he interjects with the next question, but I told him I still have another source of income, but he replied saying I had told him enough and that I should answer the next question).
What is your highest academic qualification? A PhD from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, I just concluded last December.
What do you do for a living? I just concluded a Postdoctoral Fellowship with the University of Stellenbosch and I have just accepted an appointment with the University of Jos as a Lecturer.
Do you have a family? Yes, a wife and a child, and we are expecting another.
For how long have you been married? 3 years
How old is your child? 1 year and 8 months
What does your wife do for a living? She is a housewife, she looks after the family
Are you travelling alone? Yeah (At this point, he faced his computer keyboard, typed some few words, then turned to me and told me, unfortunately we cannot issue you the visa while handing over a pre-printed form containing the reasons for visa denials).
From this ‘interview’ conversation, two things stood out for me. One is the fact that the consular officer made his decisions without viewing or considering any of my supporting documents and the second was the question, what did I do, say, or answer wrongly?
In terms of the latter, I found nothing wrong with my responses, but I found a huge systemic fault with regards to the former. The internet is rife with complaints from individuals, organisations and recently countries accusing the US of implementing a harsh visa regime which deliberately frustrates and traumatises visa applicants. My web application process in Nigeria is nothing short of this, in fact, I thought it was easier to make heaven than to obtain the US visa from Nigeria.
Having carefully thought about the visa regime in the light of my ‘interview,’ I concluded that the US visa regime is anachronistically atavistic, an exploitative business strategy, or both. My opinion is simply that I was denied visa not because of my responses to the questions but because the consular officer found a questionable impression through observing my face as he had not viewed or considered my supporting documents. For this, I appreciate Cesare Lombroso and one needs not be a Criminologist before knowing that facial impression and appearance are never better yardstick than considering the merits of the supporting documents.
A fair and equitable visa system will consider the merit of an application, the travel history of an applicant (which I have a reasonable one), whether the supporting documents are convincing, the criminal record background, purpose of travel, sufficiency of funds, and the existence of a strong tie with one’s origin. However, this was not the case, and this led me to the business exploitation opinion.
Customarily, when one pays for a service, the norm is to provide quality and effective service worth the value of the money paid or promised, anything short of this is clear exploitation – unfortunately, this is how the US visa regime operates in Nigeria. On the day of my interview, there were at least seventy (70) persons queuing up for theirs early in the morning, but it is not my intention to analyse how much income the US derives from this.
Thoughts from the criminology team 
Well… This still brings to bare the docility of the Nigerian government. What is it’s response to the USA visa regime; the criteria for acceptance and decline? Is there justification for a decline of a visa application?
A refund policy should be projected, considering the service did not yield as paid for. Nigeria needs to meet its bargain of the Social contract theory; we have submit our wills, we deserve protection in all ramifications. This is unjust policies by the USA
The Lombroso biological theory is laughable in present day reality. Considering K Merton middle range theoriorising, and the relativism core in the post modernist era; we can not accept the view of Lombroso, because it can be heavily filled with biases, stereotypes, void of objectivity and other characters of scientific research.
In my submission
Nigerian government should wake up to its own part in the Jacques social contract theory of state; protect us from external and internal unfair policies such as the USA visa criterion.
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Well… This still brings to bare the docility of the Nigerian government. What is it’s response to the USA visa “scam”?; What is the government’s say on the criteria for acceptance and decline?
Nigeria needs to meet its bargain of the Social contract theory; we have submit our wills, we deserve protection in all ramifications. This is unjust policies by the USA. A refund policy should be projected, particularly for cases that the application was declined, considering the service did not yield as paid for.
Nigerian government should wake up to its own part in the Jacques social contract theory of state; protect us from external and internal unfair policies such as the USA visa criterion
The Lombroso biological theory is laughable in present day reality. Considering K Merton middle range theoriorising, and relativism which is the core of the post modernist era. Lombroso’s view can be heavily filled with biases and stereotypes, because it depends on individual’s view of what is a big jaw, a big foot, a big palm or a physical defect. The theory can be void of objectivity and other characters of scientific research, hence using just it as bases for analysis will not bring to bare the truth about the phenomenon under study.
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Reblogged this on Thoughts from the criminology team.
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